运维知识点
48小时系统班试听入口
运维知识点
1.更换阿里源：
[ivanlee@localhost Desktop]$ cd /etc/yum.repos.d [ivanlee@localhost yum.repos.d]$ ls CentOS-AppStream.repo CentOS-Devel.repo CentOS-PowerTools.repo CentOS-Base.repo CentOS-Extras.repo CentOS-Sources.repo CentOS-centosplus.repo CentOS-fasttrack.repo CentOS-Vault.repo CentOS-CR.repo CentOS-HA.repo CentOS-Debuginfo.repo CentOS-Media.repo
首先全部删除源的所有文件，遇到所有的询问都是y：
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# rm *.repo rm: remove regular file 'CentOS-AppStream.repo'? y ·························
安装新的阿里源：
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-vault-8.5.2111.repo --2022-03-22 13:53:56-- https://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-vault-8.5.2111.repo Resolving mirrors.aliyun.com (mirrors.aliyun.com)... 139.227.225.136, 2408:8744:803:2:3::3fe, 2408:8744:803:2:3::3fd Connecting to mirrors.aliyun.com (mirrors.aliyun.com)|139.227.225.136|:443... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 2495 (2.4K) [application/octet-stream] Saving to: ‘/etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo’ /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo 100%[==========================================================================================================>] 2.44K --.-KB/s in 0s 2022-03-22 13:54:01 (60.0 MB/s) - ‘/etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo’ saved [2495/2495] [root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum makecache CentOS-8.5.2111 - Base - mirrors.aliyun.com 437 kB/s | 4.6 MB 00:10 CentOS-8.5.2111 - Extras - mirrors.aliyun.com 1.0 kB/s | 10 kB 00:10 CentOS-8.5.2111 - AppStream - mirrors.aliyun.com 739 kB/s | 8.4 MB 00:11 Metadata cache created.
2.手动安装pgsql：
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# dnf install https://download.postgresql.org/pub/repos/yum/reporpms/EL-8-x86_64/pgdg-redhat-repo-latest.noarch.rpm Last metadata expiration check: 0:00:35 ago on Tue 22 Mar 2022 01:54:51 PM CST. pgdg-redhat-repo-latest.noarch.rpm 2.0 kB/s | 13 kB 00:06 Dependencies resolved. ===================================================================================================================================================================================================== Package Architecture Version Repository Size ===================================================================================================================================================================================================== Installing: pgdg-redhat-repo noarch 42.0-24 @commandline 13 k Transaction Summary ===================================================================================================================================================================================================== Install 1 Package Total size: 13 k Installed size: 12 k Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: Running transaction check Transaction check succeeded. Running transaction test Transaction test succeeded. Running transaction Preparing : 1/1 Installing : pgdg-redhat-repo-42.0-24.noarch 1/1 Verifying : pgdg-redhat-repo-42.0-24.noarch 1/1 Installed products updated. Installed: pgdg-redhat-repo-42.0-24.noarch Complete! [root@localhost yum.repos.d]# dnf module list postgresql PostgreSQL common RPMs for RHEL / Rocky 8 - x86_64 15 B/s | 195 B 00:12 PostgreSQL common RPMs for RHEL / Rocky 8 - x86_64 1.6 MB/s | 1.7 kB 00:00 Importing GPG key 0x442DF0F8: Userid : "PostgreSQL RPM Building Project <pgsql-pkg-yum@postgresql.org>" Fingerprint: 68C9 E2B9 1A37 D136 FE74 D176 1F16 D2E1 442D F0F8 From : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-PGDG Is this ok [y/N]: y PostgreSQL common RPMs for RHEL / Rocky 8 - x86_64 30 kB/s | 619 kB 00:20 PostgreSQL 14 for RHEL / Rocky 8 - x86_64 15 B/s | 195 B 00:12 PostgreSQL 14 for RHEL / Rocky 8 - x86_64 1.6 MB/s | 1.7 kB 00:00 Importing GPG key 0x442DF0F8: Userid : "PostgreSQL RPM Building Project <pgsql-pkg-yum@postgresql.org>" Fingerprint: 68C9 E2B9 1A37 D136 FE74 D176 1F16 D2E1 442D F0F8 From : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-PGDG Is this ok [y/N]: y PostgreSQL 14 for RHEL / Rocky 8 - x86_64 11 kB/s | 208 kB 00:19 PostgreSQL 13 for RHEL / Rocky 8 - x86_64 16 B/s | 195 B 00:12 PostgreSQL 13 for RHEL / Rocky 8 - x86_64 1.6 MB/s | 1.7 kB 00:00 Importing GPG key 0x442DF0F8: Userid : "PostgreSQL RPM Building Project <pgsql-pkg-yum@postgresql.org>" Fingerprint: 68C9 E2B9 1A37 D136 FE74 D176 1F16 D2E1 442D F0F8 From : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-PGDG Is this ok [y/N]: y PostgreSQL 13 for RHEL / Rocky 8 - x86_64 26 kB/s | 526 kB 00:19 PostgreSQL 12 for RHEL / Rocky 8 - x86_64 15 B/s | 195 B 00:12 PostgreSQL 12 for RHEL / Rocky 8 - x86_64 1.6 MB/s | 1.7 kB 00:00 Importing GPG key 0x442DF0F8: Userid : "PostgreSQL RPM Building Project <pgsql-pkg-yum@postgresql.org>" Fingerprint: 68C9 E2B9 1A37 D136 FE74 D176 1F16 D2E1 442D F0F8 From : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-PGDG Is this ok [y/N]: y PostgreSQL 12 for RHEL / Rocky 8 - x86_64 36 kB/s | 694 kB 00:19 PostgreSQL 11 for RHEL / Rocky 8 - x86_64 16 B/s | 195 B 00:12 PostgreSQL 11 for RHEL / Rocky 8 - x86_64 1.6 MB/s | 1.7 kB 00:00 Importing GPG key 0x442DF0F8: Userid : "PostgreSQL RPM Building Project <pgsql-pkg-yum@postgresql.org>" Fingerprint: 68C9 E2B9 1A37 D136 FE74 D176 1F16 D2E1 442D F0F8 From : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-PGDG Is this ok [y/N]: y PostgreSQL 11 for RHEL / Rocky 8 - x86_64 41 kB/s | 885 kB 00:21 PostgreSQL 10 for RHEL / Rocky 8 - x86_64 16 B/s | 195 B 00:12 PostgreSQL 10 for RHEL / Rocky 8 - x86_64 1.6 MB/s | 1.7 kB 00:00 Importing GPG key 0x442DF0F8: Userid : "PostgreSQL RPM Building Project <pgsql-pkg-yum@postgresql.org>" Fingerprint: 68C9 E2B9 1A37 D136 FE74 D176 1F16 D2E1 442D F0F8 From : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-PGDG Is this ok [y/N]: y PostgreSQL 10 for RHEL / Rocky 8 - x86_64 29 kB/s | 588 kB 00:20 CentOS-8.5.2111 - AppStream - mirrors.aliyun.com Name Stream Profiles Summary postgresql 9.6 client, server [d] PostgreSQL server and client module postgresql 10 [d] client, server [d] PostgreSQL server and client module postgresql 12 client, server [d] PostgreSQL server and client module postgresql 13 client, server [d] PostgreSQL server and client module Hint: [d]efault, [e]nabled, [x]disabled, [i]nstalled
[root@localhost ~]# dnf module disable postgresql PostgreSQL common RPMs for RHEL / Rocky 8 - x86_64 16 B/s | 195 B 00:12 PostgreSQL 14 for RHEL / Rocky 8 - x86_64 16 B/s | 195 B 00:12 PostgreSQL 13 for RHEL / Rocky 8 - x86_64 16 B/s | 195 B 00:12 PostgreSQL 12 for RHEL / Rocky 8 - x86_64 16 B/s | 195 B 00:12 Dependencies resolved. ===================================================================================================================================================================================================== Package Architecture Version Repository Size ===================================================================================================================================================================================================== Disabling modules: postgresql Transaction Summary ===================================================================================================================================================================================================== Is this ok [y/N]: y Complete!
安装pgsql12：
[root@localhost ~]# dnf install postgresql12 Last metadata expiration check: 0:08:39 ago on Tue 22 Mar 2022 02:00:31 PM CST. All matches were filtered out by modular filtering for argument: postgresql12 Error: Unable to find a match: postgresql12 [root@localhost ~]# dnf config-manager --disable pgdg11 [root@localhost ~]# dnf config-manager --disable pgdg10 [root@localhost ~]# dnf config-manager --disable pgdg96 Error: No matching repo to modify: pgdg96. [root@localhost ~]# dnf module disable postgresql PostgreSQL common RPMs for RHEL / Rocky 8 - x86_64 16 B/s | 195 B 00:12 PostgreSQL 14 for RHEL / Rocky 8 - x86_64 16 B/s | 195 B 00:12 PostgreSQL 13 for RHEL / Rocky 8 - x86_64 16 B/s | 195 B 00:12 PostgreSQL 12 for RHEL / Rocky 8 - x86_64 16 B/s | 195 B 00:12 Dependencies resolved. ===================================================================================================================================================================================================== Package Architecture Version Repository Size ===================================================================================================================================================================================================== Disabling modules: postgresql Transaction Summary ===================================================================================================================================================================================================== Is this ok [y/N]: y Complete! [root@localhost ~]# dnf install postgresql12 Last metadata expiration check: 0:01:29 ago on Tue 22 Mar 2022 02:10:45 PM CST. Dependencies resolved. ===================================================================================================================================================================================================== Package Architecture Version Repository Size ===================================================================================================================================================================================================== Installing: postgresql12 x86_64 12.10-1PGDG.rhel8 pgdg12 1.7 M Installing dependencies: postgresql12-libs x86_64 12.10-1PGDG.rhel8 pgdg12 400 k Transaction Summary ===================================================================================================================================================================================================== Install 2 Packages Total download size: 2.1 M Installed size: 10 M Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: (1/2): postgresql12-libs-12.10-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64.rpm 50 kB/s | 400 kB 00:08 (2/2): postgresql12-12.10-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64.rpm 172 kB/s | 1.7 MB 00:09 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 213 kB/s | 2.1 MB 00:09 warning: /var/cache/dnf/pgdg12-64e2194e85277659/packages/postgresql12-12.10-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64.rpm: Header V4 DSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 442df0f8: NOKEY PostgreSQL 12 for RHEL / Rocky 8 - x86_64 1.6 MB/s | 1.7 kB 00:00 Importing GPG key 0x442DF0F8: Userid : "PostgreSQL RPM Building Project <pgsql-pkg-yum@postgresql.org>" Fingerprint: 68C9 E2B9 1A37 D136 FE74 D176 1F16 D2E1 442D F0F8 From : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-PGDG Is this ok [y/N]: y Key imported successfully Running transaction check Transaction check succeeded. Running transaction test Transaction test succeeded. Running transaction Preparing : 1/1 Installing : postgresql12-libs-12.10-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64 1/2 Running scriptlet: postgresql12-libs-12.10-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64 1/2 Installing : postgresql12-12.10-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64 2/2 Running scriptlet: postgresql12-12.10-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64 2/2 Verifying : postgresql12-12.10-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64 1/2 Verifying : postgresql12-libs-12.10-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64 2/2 Installed products updated. Installed: postgresql12-12.10-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64 postgresql12-libs-12.10-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64 Complete!
安装服务端：
[root@localhost ~]# dnf install postgresql12-server Last metadata expiration check: 0:05:33 ago on Tue 22 Mar 2022 02:10:45 PM CST. Dependencies resolved. ===================================================================================================================================================================================================== Package Architecture Version Repository Size ===================================================================================================================================================================================================== Installing: postgresql12-server x86_64 12.10-1PGDG.rhel8 pgdg12 5.2 M Transaction Summary ===================================================================================================================================================================================================== Install 1 Package Total download size: 5.2 M Installed size: 21 M Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: postgresql12-server-12.10-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64.rpm 390 kB/s | 5.2 MB 00:13 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 390 kB/s | 5.2 MB 00:13 Running transaction check Transaction check succeeded. Running transaction test Transaction test succeeded. Running transaction Preparing : 1/1 Running scriptlet: postgresql12-server-12.10-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64 1/1 Installing : postgresql12-server-12.10-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64 1/1 Running scriptlet: postgresql12-server-12.10-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64 1/1 Verifying : postgresql12-server-12.10-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64 1/1 Installed products updated. Installed: postgresql12-server-12.10-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64 Complete!
[root@localhost ~]# dnf install postgresql12-contrib Last metadata expiration check: 0:09:45 ago on Tue 22 Mar 2022 02:10:45 PM CST. Dependencies resolved. ===================================================================================================================================================================================================== Package Architecture Version Repository Size ===================================================================================================================================================================================================== Installing: postgresql12-contrib x86_64 12.10-1PGDG.rhel8 pgdg12 645 k Transaction Summary ===================================================================================================================================================================================================== Install 1 Package Total download size: 645 k Installed size: 2.3 M Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: postgresql12-contrib-12.10-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64.rpm 84 kB/s | 645 kB 00:07 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 84 kB/s | 645 kB 00:07 Running transaction check Transaction check succeeded. Running transaction test Transaction test succeeded. Running transaction Preparing : 1/1 Installing : postgresql12-contrib-12.10-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64 1/1 Running scriptlet: postgresql12-contrib-12.10-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64 1/1 Verifying : postgresql12-contrib-12.10-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64 1/1 Installed products updated. Installed: postgresql12-contrib-12.10-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64 Complete!
注意：程序安装目录是"/usr/pgsql-12"，程序运行目录是"/var/run/postgresql"。
程序运行用户和组是："postgres:postgres"，"postgres"用户和组安装时默认创建。
1.设置数据库默认的数据存储目录
数据库实例的默认存储目录是：/var/lib/pgsql/12/data/。
/var是一个系统目录，不适合存放大量的业务数据，因此要在初始化数据库实例之前创建一个存储目录。
mkdir -p /data/pgsql12-data：因为创建了多级目录，所以需要-p。
[root@localhost /]# mkdir -p /data/pgsql12-data [root@localhost /]# ls bin boot data dev etc home lib lib64 lost+found media mnt opt proc root run sbin srv sys tmp usr var [root@localhost /]# cd data [root@localhost data]# ll total 4 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Mar 22 14:27 pgsql12-data
设置数据存储目录的所有者用户和组为postgres:postgres，postgres用户和组在安装PostgreSQL12时已创建。
[root@localhost data]# chown postgres:postgres /data/pgsql12-data
修改postgreSQL12开机启动服务配置文件，设置为新的数据存储目录。
[root@localhost data]# vim /usr/lib/systemd/system/postgresql-12.service<服务配置文件路径！>
将其中的enviroment变量注释掉，改为新的（vim如果卡死，按键ctrl+q）。
2.初始化数据库实例
进入程序安装目录下的bin目录下，执行postgresql-12-setup initdb命令。
[root@localhost data]# cd /usr/pgsql-12/bin [root@localhost bin]# ./postgresql-12-setup initdb Initializing database ... OK
3.启动数据库实例服务，并设置为开机自动启动
[root@localhost bin]# systemctl enable postgresql-12.service Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/postgresql-12.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/postgresql-12.service. [root@localhost bin]# systemctl start postgresql-12.service
4.设置数据库实例超级管理员账户postgres的口令
postgreSQL12安装完成后postgres的默认口令为空，为空时无法使用该用户登录数据库。
[root@localhost bin]# passwd postgres Changing password for user postgres. New password: prs@2018 Retype new password: prs@2018 passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
[root@localhost bin]# su postgres bash-4.4$ psql psql (12.10) Type "help" for help. postgres=# alter user postgres with password 'prs@2018'; ALTER ROLE postgres=# \q bash-4.4$ exit exit [root@localhost bin]#
5.设置数据库实例的远程访问策略
postgreSQL12安装完成后默认只允许本地访问。
① 设置数据库实例访问策略，可以设置多个由主机类型、数据库、用户、IP地址组成的策略。
在文件的"#IPv4 local connections"策略中追加一条“允许全部用户，通过全部网络地址访问全部数据库”的策略并保存，策略定义如下：
vim /data/pgsql12-data/pg_hba.conf "配置文件conf"
② 设置数据库实例的监听端口。
监听地址：*默认是全部地址，默认是localhost｜｜监听端口：默认是5432。
vim /data/pgsql12-data/postgresql.conf
③ 设置防火墙端口。
centOS8默认安装firewall防火墙，允许5432端口（PostgreSQL默认端口）访问服务器。
[root@localhost bin]# firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=5432/tcp --permanent success [root@localhost bin]# firewall-cmd --reload success
重新启动数据库服务实例：
systemctl restart postgresql-12.service
数据库的运维和管理：
数据库启动、停止、重启、查看状态、开机自启动、禁用开机自启动。
[root@localhost bin]# systemctl start postgresql-12.service #开启
[root@localhost bin]# systemctl stop postgresql-12.service #停止
[root@localhost bin]# systemctl restart postgresql-12.service #重启
[root@localhost bin]# systemctl status postgresql-12.service #查看状态
● postgresql-12.service - PostgreSQL 12 database server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/postgresql-12.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (running) since Tue 2022-03-22 15:02:49 CST; 7s ago
Docs: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/12/static/
Process: 41843 ExecStartPre=/usr/pgsql-12/bin/postgresql-12-check-db-dir ${PGDATA} (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 41849 (postmaster)
Tasks: 8 (limit: 11432)
Memory: 17.8M
CGroup: /system.slice/postgresql-12.service
├─41849 /usr/pgsql-12/bin/postmaster -D /data/pgsql12-data/
├─41853 postgres: logger
├─41855 postgres: checkpointer
├─41856 postgres: background writer
├─41857 postgres: walwriter
├─41858 postgres: autovacuum launcher
├─41859 postgres: stats collector
└─41860 postgres: logical replication launcher
Mar 22 15:02:49 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting PostgreSQL 12 database server...
Mar 22 15:02:49 localhost.localdomain postmaster[41849]: 2022-03-22 15:02:49.320 CST [41849] LOG: starting PostgreSQL 12.10 on x86_64-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (GCC) 8.5.0 20210514 (Red Hat 8>
Mar 22 15:02:49 localhost.localdomain postmaster[41849]: 2022-03-22 15:02:49.321 CST [41849] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 5432
Mar 22 15:02:49 localhost.localdomain postmaster[41849]: 2022-03-22 15:02:49.321 CST [41849] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 5432
Mar 22 15:02:49 localhost.localdomain postmaster[41849]: 2022-03-22 15:02:49.324 CST [41849] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/var/run/postgresql/.s.PGSQL.5432"
Mar 22 15:02:49 localhost.localdomain postmaster[41849]: 2022-03-22 15:02:49.328 CST [41849] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432"
Mar 22 15:02:49 localhost.localdomain postmaster[41849]: 2022-03-22 15:02:49.338 CST [41849] LOG: redirecting log output to logging collector process
Mar 22 15:02:49 localhost.localdomain postmaster[41849]: 2022-03-22 15:02:49.338 CST [41849] HINT: Future log output will appear in directory "log".
Mar 22 15:02:49 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started PostgreSQL 12 database server.
[root@localhost bin]# systemctl enable postgresql-12.service #开机自动开启创建用户：
[root@localhost pgsql12-data]# su postgres bash-4.4$ psql psql (12.10) Type "help" for help. postgres=# CREATE DATABASE pvp_msf; CREATE DATABASE postgres=# CREATE DATABASE pvp_strike_db; CREATE DATABASE
离线安装需要的包：
rpms包：
postgresql12-contrib-12.10-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64.rpm postgresql12-devel-12.10-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64.rpm postgresql12-docs-12.10-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64.rpm postgresql12-libs-12.10-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64.rpm postgresql12-llvmjit-12.10-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64.rpm postgresql12-plperl-12.10-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64.rpm postgresql12-plpython-12.10-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64.rpm postgresql12-plpython3-12.10-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64.rpm postgresql12-pltcl-12.10-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64.rpm postgresql12-server-12.10-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64.rpm postgresql12-test-12.10-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64.rpm
静态资源包:
postgresql-12.10 -tar.gz
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